# Source code for captum.attr._core.shapley_value

#!/usr/bin/env python3

import itertools
import math
import warnings
from typing import Any, Callable, Iterable, Sequence, Tuple, Union

import torch
from captum._utils.common import (
_expand_target,
_format_output,
_format_tensor_into_tuples,
_is_tuple,
_run_forward,
)
from captum._utils.progress import progress
from captum._utils.typing import BaselineType, TargetType, TensorOrTupleOfTensorsGeneric
from captum.attr._utils.common import (
_find_output_mode_and_verify,
_format_input_baseline,
_tensorize_baseline,
)
from captum.log import log_usage
from torch import Tensor

def _all_perm_generator(num_features: int, num_samples: int) -> Iterable[Sequence[int]]:
for perm in itertools.permutations(range(num_features)):
yield perm

def _perm_generator(num_features: int, num_samples: int) -> Iterable[Sequence[int]]:
for _ in range(num_samples):
yield torch.randperm(num_features).tolist()

"""
A perturbation based approach to compute attribution, based on the concept
of Shapley Values from cooperative game theory. This method involves taking
a random permutation of the input features and adding them one-by-one to the
given baseline. The output difference after adding each feature corresponds
to its attribution, and these difference are averaged when repeating this
process n_samples times, each time choosing a new random permutation of
the input features.

By default, each scalar value within
the input tensors are taken as a feature and added independently. Passing
a feature mask, allows grouping features to be added together. This can
be used in cases such as images, where an entire segment or region
can be grouped together, measuring the importance of the segment
(feature group). Each input scalar in the group will be given the same
attribution value equal to the change in output as a result of adding back
the entire feature group.

More details regarding Shapley Value sampling can be found in these papers:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305054808000804
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7715/bb1070691455d1fcfc6346ff458dbca77b2c.pdf
"""

def __init__(self, forward_func: Callable) -> None:
r"""
Args:

forward_func (Callable): The forward function of the model or
any modification of it. The forward function can either
return a scalar per example, or a single scalar for the
full batch. If a single scalar is returned for the batch,
perturbations_per_eval must be 1, and the returned
attributions will have first dimension 1, corresponding to
feature importance across all examples in the batch.
"""
self.permutation_generator = _perm_generator

[docs]    @log_usage()
def attribute(
self,
inputs: TensorOrTupleOfTensorsGeneric,
baselines: BaselineType = None,
target: TargetType = None,
n_samples: int = 25,
perturbations_per_eval: int = 1,
show_progress: bool = False,
) -> TensorOrTupleOfTensorsGeneric:
r"""
NOTE: The feature_mask argument differs from other perturbation based
methods, since feature indices can overlap across tensors. See the
description of the feature_mask argument below for more details.

Args:

inputs (Tensor or tuple[Tensor, ...]): Input for which Shapley value
sampling attributions are computed. If forward_func takes
a single tensor as input, a single input tensor should
be provided.
If forward_func takes multiple tensors as input, a tuple
of the input tensors should be provided. It is assumed
that for all given input tensors, dimension 0 corresponds
to the number of examples (aka batch size), and if
multiple input tensors are provided, the examples must
be aligned appropriately.
baselines (scalar, Tensor, tuple of scalar, or Tensor, optional):
Baselines define reference value which replaces each
feature when ablated.
Baselines can be provided as:

- a single tensor, if inputs is a single tensor, with
exactly the same dimensions as inputs or the first
dimension is one and the remaining dimensions match
with inputs.

- a single scalar, if inputs is a single tensor, which will
be broadcasted for each input value in input tensor.

- a tuple of tensors or scalars, the baseline corresponding
to each tensor in the inputs' tuple can be:

- either a tensor with matching dimensions to
corresponding tensor in the inputs' tuple
or the first dimension is one and the remaining
dimensions match with the corresponding
input tensor.

- or a scalar, corresponding to a tensor in the
inputs' tuple. This scalar value is broadcasted
for corresponding input tensor.

In the cases when baselines is not provided, we internally
use zero scalar corresponding to each input tensor.
Default: None
target (int, tuple, Tensor, or list, optional): Output indices for
which difference is computed (for classification cases,
this is usually the target class).
If the network returns a scalar value per example,
no target index is necessary.
For general 2D outputs, targets can be either:

- a single integer or a tensor containing a single
integer, which is applied to all input examples

- a list of integers or a 1D tensor, with length matching
the number of examples in inputs (dim 0). Each integer
is applied as the target for the corresponding example.

For outputs with > 2 dimensions, targets can be either:

- A single tuple, which contains #output_dims - 1
elements. This target index is applied to all examples.

- A list of tuples with length equal to the number of
examples in inputs (dim 0), and each tuple containing
#output_dims - 1 elements. Each tuple is applied as the
target for the corresponding example.

Default: None
additional_forward_args (Any, optional): If the forward function
requires additional arguments other than the inputs for
which attributions should not be computed, this argument
can be provided. It must be either a single additional
argument of a Tensor or arbitrary (non-tuple) type or a
tuple containing multiple additional arguments including
tensors or any arbitrary python types. These arguments
are provided to forward_func in order following the
arguments in inputs.
For a tensor, the first dimension of the tensor must
correspond to the number of examples. For all other types,
the given argument is used for all forward evaluations.
Note that attributions are not computed with respect
to these arguments.
Default: None
feature_mask (Tensor or tuple[Tensor, ...], optional):
should contain the same number of tensors as inputs.
Each tensor should
be the same size as the corresponding input or
broadcastable to match the input tensor. Values across
all tensors should be integers in the range 0 to
num_features - 1, and indices corresponding to the same
feature should have the same value.
Note that features are grouped across tensors
(unlike feature ablation and occlusion), so
if the same index is used in different tensors, those
features are still grouped and added simultaneously.
If the forward function returns a single scalar per batch,
we enforce that the first dimension of each mask must be 1,
since attributions are returned batch-wise rather than per
example, so the attributions must correspond to the
same features (indices) in each input example.
If None, then a feature mask is constructed which assigns
each scalar within a tensor as a separate feature
Default: None
n_samples (int, optional): The number of feature permutations
tested.
Default: 25 if n_samples is not provided.
perturbations_per_eval (int, optional): Allows multiple ablations
to be processed simultaneously in one call to forward_fn.
Each forward pass will contain a maximum of
perturbations_per_eval * #examples samples.
For DataParallel models, each batch is split among the
available devices, so evaluations on each available
device contain at most
(perturbations_per_eval * #examples) / num_devices
samples.
If the forward function returns a single scalar per batch,
perturbations_per_eval must be set to 1.
Default: 1
show_progress (bool, optional): Displays the progress of computation.
It will try to use tqdm if available for advanced features
(e.g. time estimation). Otherwise, it will fallback to
a simple output of progress.
Default: False

Returns:
*Tensor* or *tuple[Tensor, ...]* of **attributions**:
- **attributions** (*Tensor* or *tuple[Tensor, ...]*):
The attributions with respect to each input feature.
If the forward function returns
a scalar value per example, attributions will be
the same size as the provided inputs, with each value
providing the attribution of the corresponding input index.
If the forward function returns a scalar per batch, then
attribution tensor(s) will have first dimension 1 and
the remaining dimensions will match the input.
If a single tensor is provided as inputs, a single tensor is
returned. If a tuple is provided for inputs, a tuple of
corresponding sized tensors is returned.

Examples::

>>> # SimpleClassifier takes a single input tensor of size Nx4x4,
>>> # and returns an Nx3 tensor of class probabilities.
>>> net = SimpleClassifier()
>>> # Generating random input with size 2 x 4 x 4
>>> input = torch.randn(2, 4, 4)
>>> # Defining ShapleyValueSampling interpreter
>>> svs = ShapleyValueSampling(net)
>>> # Computes attribution, taking random orderings
>>> # of the 16 features and computing the output change when adding
>>> # each feature. We average over 200 trials (random permutations).
>>> attr = svs.attribute(input, target=1, n_samples=200)

>>> # Alternatively, we may want to add features in groups, e.g.
>>> # grouping each 2x2 square of the inputs and adding them together.
>>> # This can be done by creating a feature mask as follows, which
>>> # defines the feature groups, e.g.:
>>> # +---+---+---+---+
>>> # | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
>>> # +---+---+---+---+
>>> # | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
>>> # +---+---+---+---+
>>> # | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
>>> # +---+---+---+---+
>>> # | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
>>> # +---+---+---+---+
>>> # With this mask, all inputs with the same value are added
>>> # together, and the attribution for each input in the same
>>> # group (0, 1, 2, and 3) per example are the same.
>>> # The attributions can be calculated as follows:
>>> # feature mask has dimensions 1 x 4 x 4
>>>                             [2,2,3,3],[2,2,3,3]]])
"""
# Keeps track whether original input is a tuple or not before
# converting it into a tuple.
is_inputs_tuple = _is_tuple(inputs)
inputs, baselines = _format_input_baseline(inputs, baselines)
)
else None
)
assert (
isinstance(perturbations_per_eval, int) and perturbations_per_eval >= 1
), "Ablations per evaluation must be at least 1."

baselines = _tensorize_baseline(inputs, baselines)
num_examples = inputs[0].shape[0]

else:
total_features = int(
+ 1
)

if show_progress:
attr_progress = progress(
total=self._get_n_evaluations(
total_features, n_samples, perturbations_per_eval
)
+ 1,  # add 1 for the initial eval
)
attr_progress.update(0)

initial_eval = _run_forward(
)

if show_progress:
attr_progress.update()

agg_output_mode = _find_output_mode_and_verify(
)

# Initialize attribution totals and counts
total_attrib = [
torch.zeros_like(
input[0:1] if agg_output_mode else input, dtype=torch.float
)
for input in inputs
]

iter_count = 0
# Iterate for number of samples, generate a permutation of the features
# and evalute the incremental increase for each feature.
for feature_permutation in self.permutation_generator(
total_features, n_samples
):
iter_count += 1
prev_results = initial_eval
for (
current_inputs,
current_target,
) in self._perturbation_generator(
inputs,
target,
baselines,
feature_permutation,
perturbations_per_eval,
):
warnings.warn(
"Feature mask is missing some integers between 0 and "
"num_features, for optimal performance, make sure each"
" consecutive integer corresponds to a feature."
)
# modified_eval dimensions: 1D tensor with length
# equal to #num_examples * #features in batch
modified_eval = _run_forward(
self.forward_func,
current_inputs,
current_target,
)
if show_progress:
attr_progress.update()

if agg_output_mode:
eval_diff = modified_eval - prev_results
prev_results = modified_eval
else:
all_eval = torch.cat((prev_results, modified_eval), dim=0)
eval_diff = all_eval[num_examples:] - all_eval[:-num_examples]
prev_results = all_eval[-num_examples:]
for j in range(len(total_attrib)):
current_eval_diff = eval_diff
if not agg_output_mode:
# current_eval_diff dimensions:
# (#features in batch, #num_examples, 1,.. 1)
# (contains 1 more dimension than inputs). This adds extra
# dimensions of 1 to make the tensor broadcastable with the
# inputs tensor.
current_eval_diff = current_eval_diff.reshape(
(-1, num_examples) + (len(inputs[j].shape) - 1) * (1,)
)
total_attrib[j] += (
).sum(dim=0)

if show_progress:
attr_progress.close()

# Divide total attributions by number of random permutations and return
attrib = tuple(
tensor_attrib_total / iter_count for tensor_attrib_total in total_attrib
)
formatted_attr = _format_output(is_inputs_tuple, attrib)
return formatted_attr

def _perturbation_generator(
self,
inputs: Tuple[Tensor, ...],
target: TargetType,
baselines: Tuple[Tensor, ...],
feature_permutation: Sequence[int],
perturbations_per_eval: int,
) -> Iterable[Tuple[Tuple[Tensor, ...], Any, TargetType, Tuple[Tensor, ...]]]:
"""
This method is a generator which yields each perturbation to be evaluated
"""
# current_tensors starts at baselines and includes each additional feature as
# added based on the permutation order.
current_tensors = baselines
current_tensors_list = []

# Compute repeated additional args and targets
else None
)
target_repeated = _expand_target(target, perturbations_per_eval)
for i in range(len(feature_permutation)):
current_tensors = tuple(
+ input * (mask == feature_permutation[i]).to(input.dtype)
)
current_tensors_list.append(current_tensors)
)
if len(current_tensors_list) == perturbations_per_eval:
combined_inputs = tuple(
torch.cat(aligned_tensors, dim=0)
for aligned_tensors in zip(*current_tensors_list)
)
)
yield (
combined_inputs,
target_repeated,
)
current_tensors_list = []

# Create batch with remaining evaluations, may not be a complete batch
# (= perturbations_per_eval)
if len(current_tensors_list) != 0:
)
else None
)
target_repeated = _expand_target(target, len(current_tensors_list))
combined_inputs = tuple(
torch.cat(aligned_tensors, dim=0)
for aligned_tensors in zip(*current_tensors_list)
)
)
yield (
combined_inputs,
target_repeated,
)

def _get_n_evaluations(self, total_features, n_samples, perturbations_per_eval):
"""return the total number of forward evaluations needed"""
return math.ceil(total_features / perturbations_per_eval) * n_samples

[docs]class ShapleyValues(ShapleyValueSampling):
"""
A perturbation based approach to compute attribution, based on the concept
of Shapley Values from cooperative game theory. This method involves taking
each permutation of the input features and adding them one-by-one to the
given baseline. The output difference after adding each feature corresponds
to its attribution, and these difference are averaged over all possible
random permutations of the input features.

By default, each scalar value within
the input tensors are taken as a feature and added independently. Passing
a feature mask, allows grouping features to be added together. This can
be used in cases such as images, where an entire segment or region
can be grouped together, measuring the importance of the segment
(feature group). Each input scalar in the group will be given the same
attribution value equal to the change in output as a result of adding back
the entire feature group.

More details regarding Shapley Values can be found in these papers:
https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/604084.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305054808000804
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7715/bb1070691455d1fcfc6346ff458dbca77b2c.pdf

NOTE: The method implemented here is very computationally intensive, and
should only be used with a very small number of features (e.g. < 7).
This implementation simply extends ShapleyValueSampling and
evaluates all permutations, leading to a total of n * n! evaluations for n
features. Shapley values can alternatively be computed with only 2^n
evaluations, and we plan to add this approach in the future.
"""

def __init__(self, forward_func: Callable) -> None:
r"""
Args:

forward_func (Callable): The forward function of the model or
any modification of it. The forward function can either
return a scalar per example, or a single scalar for the
full batch. If a single scalar is returned for the batch,
perturbations_per_eval must be 1, and the returned
attributions will have first dimension 1, corresponding to
feature importance across all examples in the batch.
"""
ShapleyValueSampling.__init__(self, forward_func)
self.permutation_generator = _all_perm_generator

[docs]    @log_usage()
def attribute(
self,
inputs: TensorOrTupleOfTensorsGeneric,
baselines: BaselineType = None,
target: TargetType = None,
perturbations_per_eval: int = 1,
show_progress: bool = False,
) -> TensorOrTupleOfTensorsGeneric:
r"""
NOTE: The feature_mask argument differs from other perturbation based
methods, since feature indices can overlap across tensors. See the
description of the feature_mask argument below for more details.

Args:

inputs (Tensor or tuple[Tensor, ...]): Input for which Shapley value
sampling attributions are computed. If forward_func takes
a single tensor as input, a single input tensor should
be provided.
If forward_func takes multiple tensors as input, a tuple
of the input tensors should be provided. It is assumed
that for all given input tensors, dimension 0 corresponds
to the number of examples (aka batch size), and if
multiple input tensors are provided, the examples must
be aligned appropriately.
baselines (scalar, Tensor, tuple of scalar, or Tensor, optional):
Baselines define reference value which replaces each
feature when ablated.
Baselines can be provided as:

- a single tensor, if inputs is a single tensor, with
exactly the same dimensions as inputs or the first
dimension is one and the remaining dimensions match
with inputs.

- a single scalar, if inputs is a single tensor, which will
be broadcasted for each input value in input tensor.

- a tuple of tensors or scalars, the baseline corresponding
to each tensor in the inputs' tuple can be:

- either a tensor with matching dimensions to
corresponding tensor in the inputs' tuple
or the first dimension is one and the remaining
dimensions match with the corresponding
input tensor.

- or a scalar, corresponding to a tensor in the
inputs' tuple. This scalar value is broadcasted
for corresponding input tensor.

In the cases when baselines is not provided, we internally
use zero scalar corresponding to each input tensor.
Default: None
target (int, tuple, Tensor, or list, optional): Output indices for
which difference is computed (for classification cases,
this is usually the target class).
If the network returns a scalar value per example,
no target index is necessary.
For general 2D outputs, targets can be either:

- a single integer or a tensor containing a single
integer, which is applied to all input examples

- a list of integers or a 1D tensor, with length matching
the number of examples in inputs (dim 0). Each integer
is applied as the target for the corresponding example.

For outputs with > 2 dimensions, targets can be either:

- A single tuple, which contains #output_dims - 1
elements. This target index is applied to all examples.

- A list of tuples with length equal to the number of
examples in inputs (dim 0), and each tuple containing
#output_dims - 1 elements. Each tuple is applied as the
target for the corresponding example.

Default: None
additional_forward_args (Any, optional): If the forward function
requires additional arguments other than the inputs for
which attributions should not be computed, this argument
can be provided. It must be either a single additional
argument of a Tensor or arbitrary (non-tuple) type or a
tuple containing multiple additional arguments including
tensors or any arbitrary python types. These arguments
are provided to forward_func in order following the
arguments in inputs.
For a tensor, the first dimension of the tensor must
correspond to the number of examples. For all other types,
the given argument is used for all forward evaluations.
Note that attributions are not computed with respect
to these arguments.
Default: None
feature_mask (Tensor or tuple[Tensor, ...], optional):
should contain the same number of tensors as inputs.
Each tensor should
be the same size as the corresponding input or
broadcastable to match the input tensor. Values across
all tensors should be integers in the range 0 to
num_features - 1, and indices corresponding to the same
feature should have the same value.
Note that features are grouped across tensors
(unlike feature ablation and occlusion), so
if the same index is used in different tensors, those
features are still grouped and added simultaneously.
If the forward function returns a single scalar per batch,
we enforce that the first dimension of each mask must be 1,
since attributions are returned batch-wise rather than per
example, so the attributions must correspond to the
same features (indices) in each input example.
If None, then a feature mask is constructed which assigns
each scalar within a tensor as a separate feature
Default: None
perturbations_per_eval (int, optional): Allows multiple ablations
to be processed simultaneously in one call to forward_fn.
Each forward pass will contain a maximum of
perturbations_per_eval * #examples samples.
For DataParallel models, each batch is split among the
available devices, so evaluations on each available
device contain at most
(perturbations_per_eval * #examples) / num_devices
samples.
If the forward function returns a single scalar per batch,
perturbations_per_eval must be set to 1.
Default: 1
show_progress (bool, optional): Displays the progress of computation.
It will try to use tqdm if available for advanced features
(e.g. time estimation). Otherwise, it will fallback to
a simple output of progress.
Default: False
Returns:
*Tensor* or *tuple[Tensor, ...]* of **attributions**:
- **attributions** (*Tensor* or *tuple[Tensor, ...]*):
The attributions with respect to each input feature.
If the forward function returns
a scalar value per example, attributions will be
the same size as the provided inputs, with each value
providing the attribution of the corresponding input index.
If the forward function returns a scalar per batch, then
attribution tensor(s) will have first dimension 1 and
the remaining dimensions will match the input.
If a single tensor is provided as inputs, a single tensor is
returned. If a tuple is provided for inputs, a tuple of
corresponding sized tensors is returned.

Examples::

>>> # SimpleClassifier takes a single input tensor of size Nx4x4,
>>> # and returns an Nx3 tensor of class probabilities.
>>> net = SimpleClassifier()
>>> # Generating random input with size 2 x 4 x 4
>>> input = torch.randn(2, 4, 4)

>>> # We may want to add features in groups, e.g.
>>> # grouping each 2x2 square of the inputs and adding them together.
>>> # This can be done by creating a feature mask as follows, which
>>> # defines the feature groups, e.g.:
>>> # +---+---+---+---+
>>> # | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
>>> # +---+---+---+---+
>>> # | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
>>> # +---+---+---+---+
>>> # | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
>>> # +---+---+---+---+
>>> # | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
>>> # +---+---+---+---+
>>> # With this mask, all inputs with the same value are added
>>> # together, and the attribution for each input in the same
>>> # group (0, 1, 2, and 3) per example are the same.
>>> # The attributions can be calculated as follows:
>>> # feature mask has dimensions 1 x 4 x 4
>>>                             [2,2,3,3],[2,2,3,3]]])

>>> # With only 4 features, it is feasible to compute exact
>>> # Shapley Values. These can be computed as follows:
>>> sv = ShapleyValues(net)
"""
total_features = sum(
torch.numel(inp[0]) for inp in _format_tensor_into_tuples(inputs)
)
else:
total_features = (
+ 1
)

if total_features >= 10:
warnings.warn(
"You are attempting to compute Shapley Values with at least 10 "
"features, which will likely be very computationally expensive."
"Consider using Shapley Value Sampling instead."
)

return super().attribute.__wrapped__(
self,
inputs=inputs,
baselines=baselines,
target=target,