# Source code for captum.attr._core.feature_ablation

#!/usr/bin/env python3

import math
from typing import Any, Callable, cast, Tuple, Union

import torch
from captum._utils.common import (
_expand_target,
_format_output,
_format_tensor_into_tuples,
_is_tuple,
_run_forward,
)
from captum._utils.progress import progress
from captum._utils.typing import BaselineType, TargetType, TensorOrTupleOfTensorsGeneric
from captum.attr._utils.common import _format_input_baseline
from captum.log import log_usage
from torch import dtype, Tensor

r"""
A perturbation based approach to computing attribution, involving
replacing each input feature with a given baseline / reference, and
computing the difference in output. By default, each scalar value within
each input tensor is taken as a feature and replaced independently. Passing
a feature mask, allows grouping features to be ablated together. This can
be used in cases such as images, where an entire segment or region
can be ablated, measuring the importance of the segment (feature group).
Each input scalar in the group will be given the same attribution value
equal to the change in target as a result of ablating the entire feature
group.

The forward function can either return a scalar per example or a tensor
of a fixed sized tensor (or scalar value) for the full batch, i.e. the
output does not grow as the batch size increase. If the output is fixed
we consider this model to be an "aggregation" of the inputs. In the fixed
sized output mode we require perturbations_per_eval == 1 and the
feature_mask to be either None or for all of them to have 1 as their
first dimension (i.e. a feature mask requires to be applied to all inputs).
"""

def __init__(self, forward_func: Callable) -> None:
r"""
Args:

forward_func (Callable): The forward function of the model or
any modification of it.
"""
self.use_weights = False

# only used when perturbations_per_eval > 1, where the 1st dim of forward_func's
# output must grow as the input batch size. If forward's output is aggregated,
# we cannot expand the input to include more perturbations in one call.
# If it's False, we will force the validation by comparing the outpus of
# the original input and the modified input whose batch size expanded based on
# perturbations_per_eval. Set the flag to True if the output of the modified
# input grow as expected. Once it turns to True, we will assume the model's
# behavior stays consistent and no longer check again
self._is_output_shape_valid = False

[docs]    @log_usage()
def attribute(
self,
inputs: TensorOrTupleOfTensorsGeneric,
baselines: BaselineType = None,
target: TargetType = None,
feature_mask: Union[None, Tensor, Tuple[Tensor, ...]] = None,
perturbations_per_eval: int = 1,
show_progress: bool = False,
**kwargs: Any,
) -> TensorOrTupleOfTensorsGeneric:
r"""
Args:

inputs (Tensor or tuple[Tensor, ...]): Input for which ablation
attributions are computed. If forward_func takes a single
tensor as input, a single input tensor should be provided.
If forward_func takes multiple tensors as input, a tuple
of the input tensors should be provided. It is assumed
that for all given input tensors, dimension 0 corresponds
to the number of examples (aka batch size), and if
multiple input tensors are provided, the examples must
be aligned appropriately.
baselines (scalar, Tensor, tuple of scalar, or Tensor, optional):
Baselines define reference value which replaces each
feature when ablated.
Baselines can be provided as:

- a single tensor, if inputs is a single tensor, with
exactly the same dimensions as inputs or
broadcastable to match the dimensions of inputs

- a single scalar, if inputs is a single tensor, which will
be broadcasted for each input value in input tensor.

- a tuple of tensors or scalars, the baseline corresponding
to each tensor in the inputs' tuple can be:

- either a tensor with matching dimensions to
corresponding tensor in the inputs' tuple
or the first dimension is one and the remaining
dimensions match with the corresponding
input tensor.

- or a scalar, corresponding to a tensor in the
inputs' tuple. This scalar value is broadcasted
for corresponding input tensor.

In the cases when baselines is not provided, we internally
use zero scalar corresponding to each input tensor.
Default: None
target (int, tuple, Tensor, or list, optional): Output indices for
which gradients are computed (for classification cases,
this is usually the target class).
If the network returns a scalar value per example,
no target index is necessary.
For general 2D outputs, targets can be either:

- a single integer or a tensor containing a single
integer, which is applied to all input examples

- a list of integers or a 1D tensor, with length matching
the number of examples in inputs (dim 0). Each integer
is applied as the target for the corresponding example.

For outputs with > 2 dimensions, targets can be either:

- A single tuple, which contains #output_dims - 1
elements. This target index is applied to all examples.

- A list of tuples with length equal to the number of
examples in inputs (dim 0), and each tuple containing
#output_dims - 1 elements. Each tuple is applied as the
target for the corresponding example.

Default: None
additional_forward_args (Any, optional): If the forward function
requires additional arguments other than the inputs for
which attributions should not be computed, this argument
can be provided. It must be either a single additional
argument of a Tensor or arbitrary (non-tuple) type or a
tuple containing multiple additional arguments including
tensors or any arbitrary python types. These arguments
are provided to forward_func in order following the
arguments in inputs.
For a tensor, the first dimension of the tensor must
correspond to the number of examples. For all other types,
the given argument is used for all forward evaluations.
Note that attributions are not computed with respect
to these arguments.
Default: None
feature_mask (Tensor or tuple[Tensor, ...], optional):
features which should be ablated together. feature_mask
should contain the same number of tensors as inputs.
Each tensor should
be the same size as the corresponding input or
broadcastable to match the input tensor. Each tensor
should contain integers in the range 0 to num_features
- 1, and indices corresponding to the same feature should
have the same value.
Note that features within each input tensor are ablated
independently (not across tensors).
If the forward function returns a single scalar per batch,
we enforce that the first dimension of each mask must be 1,
since attributions are returned batch-wise rather than per
example, so the attributions must correspond to the
same features (indices) in each input example.
If None, then a feature mask is constructed which assigns
each scalar within a tensor as a separate feature, which
is ablated independently.
Default: None
perturbations_per_eval (int, optional): Allows ablation of multiple
features to be processed simultaneously in one call to
forward_fn.
Each forward pass will contain a maximum of
perturbations_per_eval * #examples samples.
For DataParallel models, each batch is split among the
available devices, so evaluations on each available
device contain at most
(perturbations_per_eval * #examples) / num_devices
samples.
If the forward function's number of outputs does not
change as the batch size grows (e.g. if it outputs a
scalar value), you must set perturbations_per_eval to 1
and use a single feature mask to describe the features
for all examples in the batch.
Default: 1
show_progress (bool, optional): Displays the progress of computation.
It will try to use tqdm if available for advanced features
(e.g. time estimation). Otherwise, it will fallback to
a simple output of progress.
Default: False
**kwargs (Any, optional): Any additional arguments used by child
classes of FeatureAblation (such as Occlusion) to construct
ablations. These arguments are ignored when using
FeatureAblation directly.
Default: None

Returns:
*Tensor* or *tuple[Tensor, ...]* of **attributions**:
- **attributions** (*Tensor* or *tuple[Tensor, ...]*):
The attributions with respect to each input feature.
If the forward function returns
a scalar value per example, attributions will be
the same size as the provided inputs, with each value
providing the attribution of the corresponding input index.
If the forward function returns a scalar per batch, then
attribution tensor(s) will have first dimension 1 and
the remaining dimensions will match the input.
If a single tensor is provided as inputs, a single tensor is
returned. If a tuple of tensors is provided for inputs, a
tuple of corresponding sized tensors is returned.

Examples::

>>> # SimpleClassifier takes a single input tensor of size Nx4x4,
>>> # and returns an Nx3 tensor of class probabilities.
>>> net = SimpleClassifier()
>>> # Generating random input with size 2 x 4 x 4
>>> input = torch.randn(2, 4, 4)
>>> # Defining FeatureAblation interpreter
>>> ablator = FeatureAblation(net)
>>> # Computes ablation attribution, ablating each of the 16
>>> # scalar input independently.
>>> attr = ablator.attribute(input, target=1)

>>> # Alternatively, we may want to ablate features in groups, e.g.
>>> # grouping each 2x2 square of the inputs and ablating them together.
>>> # This can be done by creating a feature mask as follows, which
>>> # defines the feature groups, e.g.:
>>> # +---+---+---+---+
>>> # | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
>>> # +---+---+---+---+
>>> # | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
>>> # +---+---+---+---+
>>> # | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
>>> # +---+---+---+---+
>>> # | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
>>> # +---+---+---+---+
>>> # With this mask, all inputs with the same value are ablated
>>> # simultaneously, and the attribution for each input in the same
>>> # group (0, 1, 2, and 3) per example are the same.
>>> # The attributions can be calculated as follows:
>>> # feature mask has dimensions 1 x 4 x 4
>>>                             [2,2,3,3],[2,2,3,3]]])
"""
# Keeps track whether original input is a tuple or not before
# converting it into a tuple.
is_inputs_tuple = _is_tuple(inputs)
inputs, baselines = _format_input_baseline(inputs, baselines)
)
num_examples = inputs[0].shape[0]
else None
)
assert (
isinstance(perturbations_per_eval, int) and perturbations_per_eval >= 1
), "Perturbations per evaluation must be an integer and at least 1."
if show_progress:
feature_counts = self._get_feature_counts(
)
total_forwards = (
sum(
math.ceil(count / perturbations_per_eval)
for count in feature_counts
)
+ 1
)  # add 1 for the initial eval
attr_progress = progress(
)
attr_progress.update(0)

# Computes initial evaluation with all features, which is compared
# to each ablated result.
initial_eval = self._strict_run_forward(
)

if show_progress:
attr_progress.update()

# number of elements in the output of forward_func
n_outputs = initial_eval.numel() if isinstance(initial_eval, Tensor) else 1

# flatten eval outputs into 1D (n_outputs)
flattened_initial_eval = initial_eval.reshape(1, -1)

# Initialize attribution totals and counts
attrib_type = cast(dtype, flattened_initial_eval.dtype)

total_attrib = [
# attribute w.r.t each output element
torch.zeros(
(n_outputs,) + input.shape[1:],
dtype=attrib_type,
device=input.device,
)
for input in inputs
]

# Weights are used in cases where ablations may be overlapping.
if self.use_weights:
weights = [
torch.zeros(
(n_outputs,) + input.shape[1:], device=input.device
).float()
for input in inputs
]

# Iterate through each feature tensor for ablation
for i in range(len(inputs)):
# Skip any empty input tensors
if torch.numel(inputs[i]) == 0:
continue

for (
current_inputs,
current_target,
) in self._ith_input_ablation_generator(
i,
inputs,
target,
baselines,
perturbations_per_eval,
**kwargs,
):
# modified_eval has (n_feature_perturbed * n_outputs) elements
# shape:
#   agg mode: (*initial_eval.shape)
#   non-agg mode:
#     (feature_perturbed * batch_size, *initial_eval.shape[1:])
modified_eval = self._strict_run_forward(
self.forward_func,
current_inputs,
current_target,
)

if show_progress:
attr_progress.update()

# if perturbations_per_eval > 1, the output shape must grow with
# input and not be aggregated
if perturbations_per_eval > 1 and not self._is_output_shape_valid:
current_batch_size = current_inputs[0].shape[0]

# number of perturbation, which is not the same as
# perturbations_per_eval when not enough features to perturb
n_perturb = current_batch_size / num_examples

current_output_shape = modified_eval.shape

# use initial_eval as the forward of perturbations_per_eval = 1
initial_output_shape = initial_eval.shape

assert (
# check if the output is not a scalar
current_output_shape
and initial_output_shape
# check if the output grow in same ratio, i.e., not agg
and current_output_shape[0]
== n_perturb * initial_output_shape[0]
), (
"When perturbations_per_eval > 1, forward_func's output "
"should be a tensor whose 1st dim grow with the input "
f"batch size: when input batch size is {num_examples}, "
f"the output shape is {initial_output_shape}; "
f"when input batch size is {current_batch_size}, "
f"the output shape is {current_output_shape}"
)

self._is_output_shape_valid = True

# reshape the leading dim for n_feature_perturbed
# flatten each feature's eval outputs into 1D of (n_outputs)
modified_eval = modified_eval.reshape(-1, n_outputs)
# eval_diff in shape (n_feature_perturbed, n_outputs)
eval_diff = flattened_initial_eval - modified_eval

# append the shape of one input example
eval_diff = eval_diff.reshape(
eval_diff.shape + (inputs[i].dim() - 1) * (1,)
)
eval_diff = eval_diff.to(total_attrib[i].device)

if self.use_weights:

dim=0
)

if show_progress:
attr_progress.close()

if self.use_weights:
attrib = tuple(
single_attrib.float() / weight
for single_attrib, weight in zip(total_attrib, weights)
)
else:
attrib = tuple(total_attrib)
_result = _format_output(is_inputs_tuple, attrib)
return _result

def _ith_input_ablation_generator(
self,
i,
inputs,
target,
baselines,
perturbations_per_eval,
**kwargs,
):
"""
This method returns a generator of ablation perturbations of the i-th input

Returns:
ablation_iter (Generator): yields each perturbation to be evaluated
"""
extra_args = {}
for key, value in kwargs.items():
# For any tuple argument in kwargs, we choose index i of the tuple.
if isinstance(value, tuple):
extra_args[key] = value[i]
else:
extra_args[key] = value

)
num_examples = inputs[0].shape[0]
perturbations_per_eval = min(perturbations_per_eval, num_features)
baseline = baselines[i] if isinstance(baselines, tuple) else baselines
if isinstance(baseline, torch.Tensor):
baseline = baseline.reshape((1,) + baseline.shape)

if perturbations_per_eval > 1:
# Repeat features and additional args for batch size.
all_features_repeated = [
torch.cat([inputs[j]] * perturbations_per_eval, dim=0)
for j in range(len(inputs))
]
else None
)
target_repeated = _expand_target(target, perturbations_per_eval)
else:
all_features_repeated = list(inputs)
target_repeated = target

num_features_processed = min_feature
while num_features_processed < num_features:
current_num_ablated_features = min(
perturbations_per_eval, num_features - num_features_processed
)

# Store appropriate inputs and additional args based on batch size.
if current_num_ablated_features != perturbations_per_eval:
current_features = [
feature_repeated[0 : current_num_ablated_features * num_examples]
for feature_repeated in all_features_repeated
]
)
else None
)
current_target = _expand_target(target, current_num_ablated_features)
else:
current_features = all_features_repeated
current_target = target_repeated

# Store existing tensor before modifying
original_tensor = current_features[i]
# Construct ablated batch for features in range num_features_processed
# to num_features_processed + current_num_ablated_features and return
# mask with same size as ablated batch. ablated_features has dimension
# (current_num_ablated_features, num_examples, inputs[i].shape[1:])
# Note that in the case of sparse tensors, the second dimension
# may not necessarilly be num_examples and will match the first
# dimension of this tensor.
current_reshaped = current_features[i].reshape(
(current_num_ablated_features, -1) + current_features[i].shape[1:]
)

current_reshaped,
baseline,
num_features_processed,
num_features_processed + current_num_ablated_features,
**extra_args,
)

# current_features[i] has dimension
# (current_num_ablated_features * num_examples, inputs[i].shape[1:]),
# which can be provided to the model as input.
current_features[i] = ablated_features.reshape(
(-1,) + ablated_features.shape[2:]
)
yield tuple(
current_features
# Replace existing tensor at index i.
current_features[i] = original_tensor
num_features_processed += current_num_ablated_features

def _construct_ablated_input(
self, expanded_input, input_mask, baseline, start_feature, end_feature, **kwargs
):
r"""
Ablates given expanded_input tensor with given feature mask, feature range,
and baselines. expanded_input shape is (num_features, num_examples, ...)
with remaining dimensions corresponding to remaining original tensor
dimensions and num_features = end_feature - start_feature.
input_mask has same number of dimensions as original input tensor (one less
than expanded_input), and can have first dimension either 1, applying same
feature mask to all examples, or num_examples. baseline is expected to
be broadcastable to match expanded_input.

This method returns the ablated input tensor, which has the same
dimensionality as expanded_input as well as the corresponding mask with
either the same dimensionality as expanded_input or second dimension
being 1. This mask contains 1s in locations which have been ablated (and
thus counted towards ablations for that feature) and 0s otherwise.
"""
[input_mask == j for j in range(start_feature, end_feature)], dim=0
).long()
ablated_tensor = (

# Obtain feature mask for selected input tensor, matches size of
# 1 input example, (1 x inputs[i].shape[1:])
torch.arange(torch.numel(input[0]), device=input.device),
input[0:1].shape,
).long()
return (
)

"""return the numbers of input features"""
return tuple(inp[0].numel() if inp.numel() else 0 for inp in inputs)

return tuple(
else (inp[0].numel() if inp.numel() else 0)
)

def _strict_run_forward(self, *args, **kwargs) -> Tensor:
"""
A temp wrapper for global _run_forward util to force forward output
type assertion & conversion.
Remove after the strict logic is supported by all attr classes
"""
forward_output = _run_forward(*args, **kwargs)
if isinstance(forward_output, Tensor):
return forward_output

output_type = type(forward_output)
assert output_type is int or output_type is float, (
"the return of forward_func must be a tensor, int, or float,"